How does one really know all of the emotions one is feeling?
Aside from knowing how it feels, we can identify the emotion from it's own reason for surfacing.
For you it's different, and I say so cause you mentioned you were manic, so it is to be assumed you have Bipolar 1. Mood disorder. In essence you have a really fast and impulsive brain so it's prone to spewing out the wrong chemicals that govern your emotions. The result often enough is the incorrect emotion in a more extreme manner. In my experience with bipolar minds, the incorrect emotion is only incorrect from being too much of the right emotion. A minor something that should make one sigh and move on, would become amplified into a fit of rage.
On a side note, the expressions from the bipolar persons, is all really a matter of how they as an individual cope with it. There are those bipolar minds who are aware of when the twilight zone is in effect, and those who don't, so things may get quite dramatic when an episode takes place.
Here you are questioning how do we know all of the emotions. Somewhere in there, you already know your own emotions are prone to deceiving you, then when you take action on it, you sometimes don't get the right kind of feedback from others, so you question your own intuition on how you feel. I assure you, so long as you're not worried about being labeled as wrong, how you actually feel you can explain.
The Bipolar mind has intense emotions to a point where the beholder will, and must, tend to their own condition first. One who understands this will not blame you for coming across as selfish and one sided, from the outside this makes the bipolar mind seem uncaring, self centered with a tremendous capacity for being free of consideration accompanied with no guilt or shame.
Out of the blue, a bipolar mind can fall into depressive states which are at times on going. For a typical person, that can happen when interactions with others go unfinished or left in ruin, and the feeling can happen and remain on going without really having the situation in mind. Back to bipolar, having realizations of how things must have really went down last year between you and so and so can then deliver the emotional disappointments required for you to do the sad thing. No one really wants to have to bring back the past, especially if it can trigger even more dramas that will freak out the bipolar person, so it's often decided to just ride it out.
Can't you feel simultaeneously excited and angry?
Yes. at that point it's called madness, which usually fizzles out into an expression of satisfactory, granted the emotionally inspired actions were successful.
To be excited doesn't mean you'd be in a joyful state, though often we get excited when the good news comes about.
Now to actually think you are happy and upset at the same time will mean your are deluding yourself. Beware of mixing wishful thinking and seeking revenge, and beware of gaming those who are around you. You'll end up feeling a sense of emptiness over it at any given time.