These pathological personality traits are maladaptive variants of the Big Five personality dimensions of
emotional stability (negative affectivity),
low extraversion (detachment),
low agreeableness (antagonism),
low conscientiousness (disinhibition), and
openness (psychoticism; Thomas et al., 2013).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0092656618300461
The purpose of the present studies was to extend what is known about the connections between personality and one particular facet of ToM – emotion recognition – by examining the broad array of pathological personality traits that were included in Section III (“Emerging Measures and Models” in need of further study) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This collection of pathological personality traits – which is often referred to as the “DSM-5 Trait Model” (see Wright & Krueger, in press, for a review) – includes: negative affectivity (i.e., the tendency to experience an array of negative emotions), detachment (i.e., characterized by introversion, social isolation, and anhedonia), antagonism (i.e., aggressive tendencies accompanied by assertions of dominance and grandiosity), disinhibition (i.e., impulsivity and sensation seeking), and psychoticism (i.e., a disconnection from reality and a tendency to experience illogical thought patterns). These pathological personality traits are maladaptive variants of the Big Five personality dimensions of emotional stability (negative affectivity), low extraversion (detachment), low agreeableness (antagonism), low conscientiousness (disinhibition), and openness (psychoticism; Thomas et al., 2013). Various studies have shown that negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, and disinhibition are strongly correlated with their corresponding Big Five dimensions (e.g., Few et al., 2013, Quilty et al., 2013, Thomas et al., 2013) but the association between psychoticism and openness has been far less consistent (e.g., Chmielewski et al., 2014, De Fruyt et al., 2013, Few et al., 2013, Gore and Widiger, 2013, Suzuki et al., 2015, Watson et al., 2013). Thus, further research regarding the connections between these pathological personality traits and variables previously associated with the Big Five dimensions is warranted.
Recent research has found that various indicators of personality pathology – including facets of the DSM-5 Trait Model – are associated with performance on ToM tasks (Fossati, Somma, Krueger, Markon, & Borroni, in press). The clearest results to emerge from Fossati et al. (in press) were that suspiciousness and withdrawal had consistent – but weak – negative associations with performance on two types of ToM tasks in a clinical sample. This suggests that individuals with elevated levels of suspiciousness and withdrawal may have particular difficulty understanding the mental states of other individuals. These results add to a complex – and seemingly contradictory – body of literature concerning the connections that forms of personality pathology have with ToM. For example, studies addressing the connection between borderline personality features – which can be described in terms of the pathological personality traits of negative affectivity, disinhibition, and detachment (Fossati, Krueger, Markon, Borroni, & Maffei, 2013) – and ToM have revealed conflicting results with some studies showing a negative association between borderline personality features and ToM (Dziobek et al., 2011, Fonagy and Bateman, 2008, Preißler et al., 2010), whereas other studies revealed either a positive association (Arntz et al., 2009, Fertuck et al., 2009, Frick et al., 2012, Lynch et al., 2006, Schulze et al., 2013) or no association (Franzen et al., 2011, Schilling et al., 2012, Scott et al., 2011). Further, Sharp et al., 2011, Sharp et al., 2013) have argued that individuals with borderline personality features may actually suffer from a form of hypermentalizing (i.e., excessive but inaccurate mentalizing) rather than undermentalizing. Focusing on specific pathological personality traits rather than broader diagnostic categories (e.g., borderline personality disorder) may provide a clearer and more nuanced understanding of the connections between personality pathology and ToM.